Myra Estrine Levine’s Conservation Theory Essay Example

Myra Estrine Levine’s Conservation Theory Paper This was the reason of choosing | |nursing as a career | |Also called as renaissance women-highly principled, remarkable| |and committed to patient’s quality of care | |Died in 1996 | | | |EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND | |Diploma in nursing:-Cook county SON, Chicago, 1944 | |BSN:-University of Chicago,1949 | |MSN:-Wayne state University, Detroit, 1962 | |Publication:-An Introduction to Clinical Nursing, 1969,1973 | |1989 | |Received honorary doctorate from Loyola University in 1992 | | | |CONSERVATION THEORY | | | |Central Theme: Empahasis is on the ill person in the | |healthcare setting; describes detailed nursing skills and | |actions | | | |Composition of Conservation Model | | | | | |1. Conservational model | |Goal: To promote adaptation and maintain wholeness using the | |principles of conservation | |2. Adaptation | |An ongoing process of change in which patient maintains his | |integrity within the realities of environment | |3. Wholeness | |Emphasizes a sound, organic, prog ressive, mutuality between | |diversified functions and parts within the entirety, the | |boundaries of which are open and fluid. |Exist when the interaction or constant adaptations to the | |environment permits the assurance of integrity | |Promoted by use of conservation principle | |4. Conservation | |The product of adaptation | |Keeping together of the life systems or the wholeness of the| |individual | |Achieving a balance of energy supply and demand that is within| |the unique biological realities of the individual | |Nursing’s paradigm/ Major Concepts | |1. Person | |A unique individual in unity and integrity, feeling, | |believing, thinking and whole system of system | |2.Environment | |Competes the wholeness of person | |Internal Environment | |Homeostasis: A state of energy sparing that also provide the | |necessary baselines for a multitude of synchronized | |physiological and psychological factors | |A state of conservation | |Homeorrhesis: A stabilized flow rathe r than a static state | |Emphasis the fluidity of change within a space-time continuum | |External Environment | |Preconceptual: Aspect of the world that individual are able to| |intercept | |Operational: Elements that may physically affects individuals | |but not perceived (e. g. adiation, micro-organism and | |pollution) | |Conceptual: Part of persons environment including cultural | |patterns characterized by spiritual existence, ideas, values, | |beliefs and tradition | |3. Person and environment | |Adaptation | |Characteristics: | |Historicity: Adaptations are grounded in history and await the| |challenges to which they respond | |Specificity: Individual responses and their adaptive pattern | |varies on the base of specific genetic structure | |Redundancy: Safe and fail options vailable to the individual | |to ensure continued adaptation | |Organismic response | |A change in behavior of an individual during an attempt to | |adapt to the environment | | | |There are four types: | |1. Flight or fight: An instantaneous response to real or | |imagined threat, most primitive response | |2. Inflammatory: response intended to provide for structural | |integrity and the promotion of healing | |3.Stress: Response developed over time and influenced by | |each stressful experience encountered by person | |4. Perceptual: Involves gathering information from the | |environment and converting it in to a meaning experience | |4. Health and Disease | |Health is a wholeness and successful adaptation | |It is not merely healing of an afflicted part ,it is return to| |daily activities, selfhood and the ability of the individual | |to pursue once more his or her own interest without | |constraints | |Disease: It is unregulated and undisciplined change and must | |be stopped or death will ensue | |5.Nursing | |The human interaction relying on communication ,rooted in the | |organic dependency of the individual human being in his | |relationships with other human beings | |Nurs ing involves engaging in human interactions | |Goal of Nursing | |To promote wholeness, realizing that every individual requires| |a unique and separate cluster of activities | |A theory of nursing must recognized the importance of detail | |of care for a single patient with in an empiric framework that| |successfully describe the requirement of the all patient | |Conservational models | |Conservational model provides the basis for development of two| |theories | |Theory of redundancy | |Theory of therapeutic intention | |1) Theory of redundancy | |Untested ,speculative theory that redefined ging and | |everything else that has to do with human life | |Aging is diminished availability of redundant system necessary| |for effective maintenance of physical and social well being | |2) Theory of therapeutic intention | |Goal: To seek a way of organizing nursing interventions out of| |the biological realities which the nurse has to confront | |Therapeutic regimens should support the follo wing goals: | |Facilitate healing through natural response to disease | |Provide support for a failing auto regulatory portion of the | |integrated system | |Restore individual integrity and well being | |Provide supportive measure to ensures comfort | |Balance a toxic risk against the threat of disease | |Manipulate diet and activity to correct metabolic imbalance | |and stimulate physiological process | |Reinforce usual response to create a therapeutic changes | |Conservational Principle | |1.Conservation of energy | |Refers to balancing energy input and output to avoid excessive| |fatigue | |includes adequate rest, nutrition and exercise | |Example: Availability of adequate rest | |Maintenance of adequate nutrition | |2. Conservation of structural integrity | |Refers to maintaining or restoring the structure of body | |preventing physical breakdown And promoting healing | |Example: Assist patient in ROM exercise | |Maintenance of patient’s personal hygiene | |3.Conservatio n of personal integrity | |Recognizes the individual as one who strives for recognition, | |respect, self awareness, selfhood and self determination | |Example: Recognize and protect patient’s space needs | |4. Conservation of social integrity | |An individual is recognized as some one who resides with in a | |family, a community ,a religious group, an ethnic group, a | |political system and a nation | |Example: | |Position patient in bed to foster social interaction with | |other patients | |Avoid sensory deprivation | |Promote patient’s use of news paper, magazines, radio.TV | |Provide support and assistance to family | |Nine models of guided assessment | |Vital’s signs | |Body movement and positioning | |Ministration of personal hygiene needs | |Pressure gradient system in nursing interventions | |Nursing determination in provision of nutritional needs | |Pressure gradient system in nursing | |Local application of heat and cold | |Administration of medicine | |Establishing an aseptic environment | |Assumption | |The nurse creates an environment in which healing could occur | |A human being is more than the sum of the part | |Human beings respond in a predictable way | |Human beings are unique in their responses | |Human beings know and appraise objects ,condition and | |situation | |Human beings sense ,reflects, reason and understand | |human beings action are self determined even when emotional | |Human beings are capable of prolonging reflection through such| |strategists raising questions | |A human being has unity in his response to the environment | |There is an order and continuity to life change is not random | |A human being respond organismically in an ever changing | |manner | |A theory of nursing must recognized the importance of detail | |of care for a single patient with in an empiric framework that| |successfully describe the requirement of the all patient | |A human being is a social animal | |A human being is an constant interaction with an ever changing| |society | |Change is inevitable in life | |Nursing Process | |Assessment | |Collection of provocative facts through observation and | |interview of challenges to the internal and external | |environment using four conservation principles | |Trophicognosis | Nursing diagnosis- gives provocative facts meaning | |Judgment is made about patient’s needs for assistance | |Hypothesis | |Planning | |Nurse proposes hypothesis about the problems and the solutions| |which becomes the plan of care | |Interventions | |Testing the hypothesis | |Interventions are designed based on the conservation | |principles | |Evaluation | |Observation of organismic response to interventions | |It is assesses whether hypothesis is supported or not | |supported | |If not supported, plan is revised, new hypothesis is proposed | |Uses | |Critical, acute or long term care unit | |Neonates, infant and young children, pregnant young adult and | |elderly care unit | |Primar y health care | |Community setting | |Implication | |a) Nursing | |The patient is the center of nursing activities, with nursing | |care provided based on four conservation principles to help | |patients adapt to their environment | |Nursing needs existing and emerging demands of self care and | |dependent care | |Nursing is associated with condition of regulation of exercise| |or development of capabilities of providing care | |b) Person | |Person is referred to as a holistic being who constantly | |strives to preserve wholeness and integrity.A person should | |strive to achieve or maintain his integrity within the | |realities of environment | |The individual integrity is his abiding concern and it is the | |nurse’s responsibility to assist him to defend and to seek its| |realization | |Every person possesses a unique adaptive ability based on | |one’s life experience which creates a unique message | |c) Society | |Society relates to environment, which has been defin ed as the | |one who competes the wholeness of person. Person should | |attempt to adapt to his/ her changing environment to achieve | |homeostasis using the four conservation principles. | |Strengths | |More comprehensive view incorporating total patient care | |Organized in such a way as to be sequential and logical. They | |can be used to explain the consequences of nursing action | |Simple yet generalizable. | |Easy to use . |It’s major elements are easily comprehensible and the | |relationship have the potential for being complex but are | |easily manageable | |Levine’s idea can be tested | |The principle of conservation are specific enough to be | |testable | |Levine’s ideas seem to be consistent with other theories, laws| |and principles particularly those from the humanities and | |sciences | |Limitations | |Not yet been widely researched | |Hard to determine the contribution to the general body of | |knowledge within the discipline | |Limited attention can be focused on health promotion and | |illness prevention. | |Nurse has the responsibility for determining the patient | |ability to participate in the care ,and if the perception of | |nurse and patient about the patient ability to participate in | |care don’t match, this mismatch will be an area of conflict. | |The major limitation is the focus on individual in an illness | |state and on the dependency of patient. | Summary Levine expressed the view that within the nurse-patient relationship a patient’s state of health is dependent on the nurse-supported process of adaptation †¢ This guides nurses to focus on the influences and responses of a client to promote wholeness through the Conservation Principles †¢ The goal of this model is to accomplish this through the conservation of energy, structural, personal and social integrity †¢ The goal of nursing is to recognize, assist, promote, and support adaptive processes that benefit the patient. SAMPLE C ASE: Mrs. MN, a wife of an abusive husband, underwent a radical hysterectomy. Post operatively has pain ,weight loss, nausea and inability to empty bladder . Patient has history of smoking and stays in house which is less than sanitaryAssessment †¢ Challenges to the internal env:-weight loss, nausea, loss of reproductive ability †¢ Challenges to the external env:-abusive husband, insanitary condition in home †¢ Energy conservation:-weight loss, nausea ,pain †¢ Structural integrity:-threatened by surgical procedure, inability to pass urine †¢ Personal integrity:-not able to give birth to more children †¢ Social integrity:-Strained relationship with husband Trophicognosis †¢ Inadequate nutritional status †¢ Pain †¢ Potential for wound and bladder infection †¢ Need to learn self catheterization †¢ Decreased self worth †¢ Potential for abuse Hypothesis †¢ Nutritional consultation Teaching and return demonstration of urinar y self catheterization †¢ Care of surgical wound †¢ Exploring concern regarding hysterectomy Interventions Energy conservation †¢ Provide medication for pain and nausea †¢ Allowing rest period Structural integrity †¢ Administrating antibiotic for wound, †¢ Teaching self catheterization Personal integrity †¢ Exploring her feeling about uterus removal while respecting her privacy Social integrity †¢ Assess potential abuse form husband †¢ Support to the family Organismic response †¢ Controlled pain †¢ Abdominal wound healing †¢ Improved appetite ,weight gain †¢ Clean urinary self catheterization †¢ Assistance from husband

Indirect Speech Definition and Examples

Indirect Speech Definition and Examples Indirect speech  is a report on what someone else said or wrote without using that persons exact words (which is called direct speech). Its also called  indirect discourse or reported speech.   Direct vs. Indirect Speech In direct speech, a persons exact words are placed in quotation marks and set off with a comma and a reporting clause or signal phrase,  such as said or asked. In fiction writing, using direct speech  can display  the emotion of an important scene in vivid detail through the words themselves as well as the description of how something was said. In nonfiction writing or journalism, direct speech  can emphasize a particular point, by using a sources exact words. Indirect speech is paraphrasing what someone said or wrote. In writing, it functions to move a piece  along by boiling down points that an interview source made. Unlike direct speech, indirect speech is  not  usually placed inside quote marks. However, both are attributed to the speaker because they come directly from a source. How to Convert In the first  example below,  the  verb  in the  present tense  in the line of direct speech (is)  may change to the  past tense  (was) in indirect speech, though it doesnt necessarily have to with a present-tense verb.  If it makes sense in context to keep it present tense, thats fine. Direct speech:  Where is your textbook? the teacher asked me.Indirect speech:  The teacher asked me  where my textbook was.Indirect speech: The teacher asked me where my textbook is. Keeping the present tense in  reported speech  can give the impression of  immediacy, that its being reported soon after the direct quote,such as: Direct speech:  Bill said, I cant come in today, because Im sick.Indirect speech:  Bill said (that) he cant come in today because hes sick. Future Tense An action in the future (present continuous tense or future)  doesnt have to change verb tense, either, as these examples demonstrate. Direct speech:  Jerry said, Im  going to buy a new car.Indirect speech:  Jerry said (that) hes going to buy  a new car.Direct speech:  Jerry said, I will buy a new car.Indirect speech:  Jerry said (that) he will buy a new car. Indirectly reporting an action in the future can change verb tenses when needed. In this next example, changing the  am going  to was going implies that she has already left for the mall. However, keeping the tense progressive or continuous  implies that the action continues, that shes still at the mall and not back yet. Direct speech:  She said, Im going to the mall.Indirect speech:  She said (that) she was going to the mall.Indirect speech: She said (that) she is going to the mall. Other Changes With a past-tense verb in the direct quote, the verb changes to past perfect. Direct speech:  She said,  I went to the mall.Indirect speech:  She said (that)  she had gone to the mall. Note the change in first person (I) and second person (your)  pronouns  and  word order  in the indirect versions. The person has to change because the one  reporting the action is not the one actually doing it. Third person (he or she) in direct speech remains in the third person. Free Indirect Speech In  free indirect speech, which is  commonly used in fiction, the reporting clause  (or signal phrase) is omitted. Using the technique is a way to follow a characters point of view- in third-person limited omniscient- and show her thoughts intermingled with narration. Typically in fiction italics show a characters exact thoughts, and quote marks show dialogue. Free indirect speech makes do without the italics and simply combines the internal thoughts of the character with the narration of the story. Writers who have used this technique include James Joyce, Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, Henry James, Zora Neale Hurston, and D.H. Lawrence.

Identifying Understanding Masculine Rhyme

Identifying Understanding Masculine Rhyme A masculine rhyme happens when a rhyme is on the final syllable of a wordthat syllable is stressed Green and Mean are masculine rhymes, as are Invest and Undressed, Import and Short, and Intrude and Food. In looking at masculine rhymes, we have two separate components: the rhyme, and the stress. Rhyme Rhymes are simply identical (or very similar) sounds. An okay rhyme is head and pet, since both share the same vowel sound, but head and bed are a closer rhyme, because they share a vowel and a consonant sound. Rhymes dont have to be from the same letters, either. As we see above, invest and undressed rhyme, even though one ends in -st and one in -ssed. Its not about the letters themselves; its all about the sound they make. Stress Stress is a little trickier to understand. In English, we dont put the same amount of emphasis on every syllable in a word. A syllable is stressed when we put emphasis on it- beCAUSE, CHATtering, RUSHes, perSIMMon. Those syllables that are not stressed are, not surprisingly, known as unstressed. A good way to figure out which syllables are stressed and unstressed in a word is to play around with emphasizing difference syllables. Does IMpossible sound the same as imPOSSible or imposs-I-ble or impossiBLE? Some words have more than one stressed syllable, although one is usually more stressed than the others- REconSIDer (where the third syllable is more stressed than the first). Words that are only one syllable are usually automatically stressed, although it depends on their context within a sentence. So, to have a masculine rhyme, we need two (or more) words that end with the same sounds, and both have stressed last syllables. Sink and Wink and Think are all masculine rhymes. As are Overdue and Debut, and Combine and Sign. Not Gendered As you can see, masculine rhyme has nothing to do with gender. The term was coined long enough ago that stressed syllables, more powerful than unstressed syllables, were equated with the masculine; words ending with unstressed syllables (like RUSHing, HEAVen, and PURple) are all considered feminine endings- when those kinds of words rhyme, its known as feminine rhyme. How to Identify Masculine Rhyme For the most part, once you know the rules of masculine rhymes, theyre pretty easy to spot. As long as the words in question rhyme in their final (or only) syllable, and that syllable is stressed, the rhyme is masculine. Check out the poetry excerpts below for examples of masculine rhyme. Examples From John Donnes Holy Sonnet XIV: Batter my heart, three-personed God, for youAs yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend;That I may rise, and stand, o’erthrow me, and bendYour force to break, blow, burn, and make me new. So we have two rhymes here you/new and mend/bend. Since all of these words are one syllable long, they are automatically stressed. Rhyme? Check. Stressed syllable? Check. These are masculine rhymes. From On the Dangers of Open Water by Liz Wager: This beauty we dont understand will sweepus out to sea. We look for it belowour bows, but if we try to understandthe workings of that beauty we perceive,were driven mad by all we cannot know.We force ourselves to roam between the strandstill, like Narcissus, drown to find reprieve. Here, we have a couple different rhymes: below/know, understand/strands, perceive/reprieve. (While understand and strands are not perfect rhymes, theyre pretty close.) In this example, there are multi-syllable words: they all end with a stressed syllable- perCEIVE, rePRIEVE, and beLOW. Stressed final syllables? Yes. Rhymes? Yes. Another example of masculine rhyme. Why Do Poets Use Masculine Rhyme? In addition to knowing what masculine rhyme is, and how to identify it, its also helpful to understand why a poet might use it in a poem, or what masculine rhyme contributes to a poem. There are several ways to emphasize particular words in a poem. Placement in a line, stress, and rhyme all make words stand out. In the above examples, all the masculine rhymes occur at the end of the line; just by having that white space to their right, these words are more prominent, more visible. Our eyes linger on those final words before we move onto the next line. Stress, too, emphasizes a word; words like to, the, an, a, and, if, or, at, etc., are usually all unstressed in poetic lines, while stressed words have more meaning, more life. And, when words are rhymed, they stand out. The more times we hear a certain sound repeated, the more we pay attention to that sound- just think about the poetry of Dr. Seuss! So, having masculine rhymes (especially those at the end of lines) help a poet to really emphasize the important words of a poem. Whether a reader realizes it or not, stressed syllables and words tend to stick in our memories better, as do the repetition of sounds that we find in rhyme. So, the next time you read a poem that incorporates rhyme (such as a sonnet or a pantoum), check to see if it is making use of masculine rhyme, and how that use is impacting your reading experience.

To be labeled or not be labeled Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

To be labeled or not be labeled - Essay Example Disability, in itself reflects a social attitude of a child in terms of those ways in which he reacts towards his social circle. So, it is not just 'being labeled a child' as Anita Ho describes but it is all about 'labeling a child according to his attitude or mental capabilities and it is necessary so that a child bears no more trouble in getting up to the expectations of his family, friends and teachers, because it is also seen in umpteen cases that teachers unconsciously builds too much of expectations from a child, to which a child is also aware of and when he assumes that he fail to fulfill their expectations, he emotionally gets disturbed. So, it is better to label children than to outrage their personalities due to too many expectations. contact with them including family and friends. ... His family of course has built up many high hopes with his educational carrier. What if despite knowing his mental capability he fails to get up to his family and teacher's expectation Well, I think this would bring him feelings of guilt and embarrassment, which is too much of considering him as 'labeled'. Mother is the closest personality to a child, and as mentioned by Niedecken (2003) she is bound to fulfill the nameless anxieties. In the attempt to bind these anxieties, the mother develops some phantasies around her child, which later take the form of unintentional expectations. These expectations do not allow her to get her child exposed to the outer world of hate and sympathy. So, it is already difficult for mothers to find a way of giving expression to negative feelings towards their child, feelings that are generated by a situation that demands so many sacrifices from them for the child's sake. So it is especially difficult when the mother sees herself confronted with a situation in which she has to protect her child from the animosity of an environment, which is hostile towards people with learning disabilities. (Niedecken, 2003, p. 72) In these circumstances it is better to be labeled among other 'labeled' children than to be a victim of hate of the outer 'unlabeled' world. 3) Anita Ho is right about the perception usually adopted by the gatherings of a 'labeled' child as the label simply covers all his capabilities due to which he is not considered as a 'normal' or 'winning' personality. Niedecken (2003) while highlighting one of the main causes of learning disability suggests that it is in fact created in a child by adopting all those ways and measures due to which a child

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business ethics - Essay Example These issues not only affect an individual but also affect the organization and the society at large. Various issues related business ethics have been witnessed throughout the semester but job discrimination stands out as the most serious issues according to the journal entry considerations. Job discrimination leads to many problems that go beyond affecting an organization is various ways to causing a serious psychological effect to the discriminated employee. Job or employee discrimination involves unequal treatment of two individual having the same qualifications for a particular job or task. It could involve preferring one employee for an available post to others because of distinct characteristics. These distinctive traits may be skin colour, origin, religion, gender, race, nationality, or any other distinctive traits among individuals. The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission witnessed a number of cases concerning employee discrimination at the workplace. This b usiness issue led a number of employers to face charges against such ethical issues in their businesses and organizations. Workplace discrimination is seen as morally wrong and is moreover expensive for businesses and employers. Some of the consequences that businesses face due to employee discrimination are low working morale, high turnover, and legal action among other effects. This happens irrespective of the form of discrimination exercised in the workplace of any organization (Becker 1971). Discrimination in occupation and employment may take various forms. The discrimination can also take place in various work settings but the impacts of such discrimination actions are seemingly similar. Discrimination entails different treatment of individuals due to certain characteristic, which mainly include colour, sex, and race. This discrimination results business issues such as impairment of opportunity and treatment equality (Anonymous Employee 2013). Discrimination therefore reinforc es employment inequalities in the workplace. Employment discrimination is an ethical issue, which brings restrictions on the freedom of people in developing their various capabilities, choosing, as well as pursuing their professional aspirations (Floten 2004). There is hardly any regard for employee abilities when deciding who to choose for a particular job specification, or when promoting individuals based on various requirements by an organization. In such a case, it would be difficult for a business to initiate a good working environment where skills and competencies can be developed adequately (Schulz 2005). The same ethical issue would create an environment whereby rewards to work are completely denied but instead, workers go through many cases of humiliations, job frustrations, as well as a feeling of powerlessness towards achievement of certain goals. This aspect comes from the fact that some employees feel that they are discriminated or some of the workers are favoured more than others are (Murphy & Enderle 1995). The problem of job discrimination still persists in many countries despite the various programs that have been initiated to curb the ethical issue and the effects of the problem. The problem becomes even worse as people of different origins, skin colour, and race interact in the work environment of all world economies. Discrimination in employment is mainly seen in cases whereby people of common attributes

Why is the Walt Disney Company so successful Essay Example for Free

Why is the Walt Disney Company so successful Essay As the process of globalization develops continuously, multinational corporations are much more common nowadays which means intercultural communication has become an important part of daily work in thousands of millions of cross-cultural offices. This thesis will mainly concentrate on discussing and analyzing the Walt Disney Company’s experience of intercultural communication and the useful information we can learn from it so that some misunderstandings and problems can be avoided in some business activities. This thesis will discuss and answer the following questions: 1. What is the Walt Disney Company? 2. What is a cross-cultural working environment like in the Walt Disney World Resort, Orlando, Florida? How do the coordinators deal with different employers from different cultures? 3. What happened when Disney first entered French market? What happened when it first entered Japan? What are the cultural reasons behind these different phenomena? 4. Comparing to other multinational corporations like Starbucks and Ikea, what is the advantage of Disney and what can we use for reference from its experience? Some researches have already been done on related subjects such as intercultural communication management, the importance of cross-cultural communication in business, and the effectiveness of intercultural communication in Human Resource area, etc. Based on these researches, however, my view point as a cast member of the Walt Disney World Resort can be creative and objective. Chapter I What is the Walt Disney Company? In this session, a brief introduction of the Walt Disney Company will be given especially the history of its process of globalization when it tried to get into France, Japan and Hongkong China. Chapter â… ¡ College Exchange Program in the Walt Disney World Resort After providing some information of College Exchange Program, I will concentrate on analyzing Disney’s methods of dealing with foreign Cast Members’ culture shock, cultural conflicts, and coordinators’ different training ways according to their different cultural backgrounds. Besides, a survey will be made to collect CPs’ opinions on how to improve the program or how will their future application affect intercultural communication. Chapter â… ¢ How to Deal with the Frustration in France? In this part, I will introduce the history of Disney first entering France and the cultural crisis it came across there. I will illustrate both the efforts and mistakes made by Disney as well. Comparing to the process it first entering Japan, I will try to engage the different cultural backgrounds with these different phenomena. Chapter â… £ Useful References of Disney’s Experience Comparison will be made in this part between Disney and other multinational corporations and some useful references we can get so as to use them to avoid misunderstandings, sometimes even serious problems in business field.

Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics essays rese

Marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana is a big topic these days. Many people want to make sure that marijuana stays illegal. Yet they do not know all the facts about marijuana. They just think that marijuana is bad. I believe that marijuana should be made legal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant, which contain the narcotic chemical THC at various potencies. It is smoked or eaten to produce the feeling of being "high". Marijuana has been used for thousands of years for medical, social, relaxation, and religious reasons. Several of our presidents are believed to have smoked it. Those presidents include Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and many others. John F. Kennedy smoked it to relieve his back pain. Also, many of America's great leaders were hemp farmers. This includes good ol' George Washington. Archeologists believe that cannabis was possibly the first plant farmed by humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people think that marijuana is addictive, but this is false. Marijuana is less habit forming than either sugar or chocolate. When users take marijuana, it doesn't lead to violence-related crimes. Most users commit crime because they want to get marijuana, but this problem can be easily solved if the government would legalize marijuana again. When you take marijuana, it doesn't make you violent, in fact it leads to non-violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has never been a case that a person died from smoking marijuana. THC is one of the few chemic...

Epic Poetry and Beowulf

British Literature Beowulf Character Analysis Beowulf Beowulf is an epic poem set in Scandinavia during the sixth century. This epic was originally handed down through generations in spoken form by traveling minstrels. It was finally put in writing during the eleventh century. The poem reflects the culture of the time and the Anglo Saxon era. Beowulf is well known in Great Britain as a hero and great warrior. Beowulf exemplifies the traits of the Anglo-Saxon warrior code which include courage, confidence, and pride. Beowulf is a very courageous character and recounts his acts of courage to every person who will listen.In the poem Beowulf tells of his previous courageous actions in destroying a tribe of giants, defeating sea monsters in the night and returning from battle covered in his enemies blood. Beowulf has come to King Hrothgar to fight an ogre. A monster that has brought misery and death to the Danes for many years. This ogre, Grendel, killed thirty of Hrothgar’s men an d caused the great mead hall of Herot to be closed. Beowulf tells King Hrothgar â€Å"the monster’s scorn of men Is so great that he needs no weapons and fears none.Nor will I† (lines 262-264) Therefore Beowulf intends to fight the Grendel without his armor or his sword. Beowulf may be so courageous because he believes so strongly in fate shaping his successes in the past. Beowulf believes that if it is his fate to win against Grendel then he will win. If it is his fate to die during the fight then that is just as God plans it to be. He tells the King that â€Å"my hands Alone shall fight for me, struggle for life Against the monster. God must decide Who will be given to death’s cold grip†(lines. 267-269). Beowulf will accept death if it is his fate. Beowulf does fight Grendel and wins.Then Beowulf must fight Grendel’s mother who is seeking revenge for her son’s death. These battles are described in detail as brutal and savage. Beowulf kills both monsters despite their strength and demonic powers. When Beowulf returns to the king holding Grendel’s head as a trophy his courage awes everyone in attendance. Beowulf is very confident in his ability to defeat anyone or anything he fights. His great physical strength and enormous size contribute to his being seen as a confident warrior. His recounting of his success in previous battles reinforce the attribute of confidence.The description of his going into battle with Grendel and then with the vengeful mother reflects his confidence in battle. Even as Beowulf enters into old age he ‘utters his final boast: â€Å"I’ve never know fear, as a youth I fought In endless battles, I am old now, But I will fight again† ’(lines 622-626). He intends to fight a dragon even in his old age without fear because fate will decide the outcome. He tells his followers â€Å"no man but me Could hope to defeat this monster. No one Could try† (lines 645-647 ). In his confidence he explains that no one is as strong and courageous as himself.Then he enters the dragon’s lair and â€Å"lowered His sword and roared out a battle cry, A call so loud and clear that it reached through the hoary rock, hung in the dragon‘s Ear†(lines 662-666). Beowulf is warning the dragon that he is about to face a fierce battle to the death. The character of Beowulf is also very prideful. Throughout the epic Beowulf’s pride in himself is evident. He boasts of his background and success in battles. When Beowulf enters the port belonging to King Hrothgar the sentry questions his purpose. Beowulf then goes into his history saying â€Å"My father Was a famous soldier, known far and wide as a leader of men.His name was Edgetho†¦Wise men all over the earth surely Remember him still† (lines 174-179). He wants men to know that he is the son of someone famous. Then when he greets King Hrothgar he informs him that â€Å"the days Of my youth have been filled with glory† (lines 237-238). He boasts of his glorious successes of youth. He goes on to say â€Å"My people have said, the wisest, most knowing, And best of them, that my duty was to go to the Danes’ Great king. They have seen my strength for themselves, Have watched me rise from the darkness of war, Dripping, with my enemies’ blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (lines 244-246).He recounts his success in battle against giants and hunting monsters in the ocean. He tells the king â€Å"Now Grendel and I are called Together, and I’ve come† (lines 254-255). He is saying that his own people know that only he can defeat such an enemy and that it is fate that brings him to battle Grendel. His pride caused him to display trophies such as Grendel’s torn arm which he hung high for everyone to see. Then he presented the head of Grendel’s mother to the king. Later in life Beowulf’s last battle is against a dragon.The pride of Be owulf made it necessary for him to explain why he had to use weapons to kill the dragon rather than killing it with his bare hands. He explains to his men â€Å"I’d use no sword, no weapon, if this beast Could be killed without it, crushed to death like Grendel, gripped in my hands and torn Limb form limb. But his breath will be burning Hot, poison will pour from his tongue† (lines 630-634). Beowulf wants his men to know that if he could kill the dragon without weapons he would. He then tells them â€Å"No one else could do What I mean to, here, no man but me Could hope to defeat this monster, No one Could try† (lines 644-647).Beowulf is the shining example of what it is to be an Anglo Saxon warrior. He is everything that a hero should be. He is courageous going into battle and during battle. His character battles the worst enemies in the most brutal conflicts. He is confident that he can defeat men and monsters. He is proud of his heritage and his accomplishmen ts in battle. He boasts about previously won battles and must display trophies of current defeats. He dies as a hero should die in a battle with a dangerous enemy.

The Last Supper by Leonardo Davinci

The Last Supper by Leonardo Ad Vinci The renaissance marked a point in time in which it was the most advanced society had ever been. The renaissance sparked a revolution in art. Artwork became more realistic. Although religious topics continued to be a dominant subject matter, artists used linear perspective, greater facial expressions, and three-dimensional techniques to make paintings more realistic. The Last Supper by Leonardo Ad Vinci, created during the Renaissance, exhibits many of those values from that period, including the portrayal of religious subjects and the use of a realistic style and respective.Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy (â€Å"Louvre†). Leonardo father was 25 and his name was San Piper and his mother was a peasant named Catering. After Leonardo birth, his father took custody and his mother went on and married someone else. Leonardo had ended up with a total of 17 half brothers and sisters (â€Å"Leonardo Ad Vinci Paintings†). He had access to many scholarly texts while growing up. He also grew up amidst Vine's long tradition of art (â€Å"Renaissance†). At the age of 15, Leonardo became an apprentice at Andrea del Overreach in Florence.Even though he was an apprentice, he was better than his master. In 1477, he left his apprenticeship and opened his own shop(â€Å"Renaissance†). Looking to make some money, he entered the service of the Duke Ludicrous Sports and duchess Beatrice detest of Milan in 1482. He spent 17 years in their service, painting, sculpting, and designing weapons, buildings, and machinery. During those years his artistic and scientific achievements peaked. While in the service of the Duke and the Duchess, he studied nature, aviation, thematic, and engineering, including designing the churches and fortresses.He also designed weapons, including tanks and submarines. In addition, he studied anatomy, producing many sketches of the human form. He was interested in so many things, that he usually didn't finish what he started. One exception to this is The Last Supper (â€Å"Renaissance†). In 1495, the Duke commissioned him to paint The Last Supper (â€Å"Leonardo Ad Vine's Life†). The painting is fairly big, measuring about xx Ft. It is a mural, which meaner it was painted directly on a wall. This mural was painted on a dining hall in a monastery in Milan, Italy (â€Å"Louvre†).He drew upon his skills as an inventor and decided to paint it on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster. This meaner that the painting is not a true fresco. A fresco requires the artist to work on the painting continuously until it is done. He instead used geese to seal the wall to give him more time to work on the project and not have to do so continuously. He preserved the painting with tempera, but his method did not work well. The painting began deteriorating soon after it was completed (â€Å"Louvre†).The painting, which took Leonardo three years to com plete, represents the scene of Jesus' last supper with his apostles as described in the Bible. At the supper, he told his apostles that one of them would betray him. The faces of the individuals in the painting exhibit their realistic emotions in response to this announcement. Each of the apostles react differently. Some were surprised and some look upset. The first group on the left consists of Bartholomew, James and Andrew. They are all surprised. The next group includes Judas, Simon, and John.In one hand Judas is holding the bag f silver that he received for betraying Jesus and in his other hand, he is reaching for a piece of bread which represents Chrism's body in the Bible. In the Bible Jesus said that the first man to share bread with him would betray him. Simon is holding a knife which foreshadows the incident when he chopped of a man's ear defending Jesus. John the one that looks like a women, appears to be fainting. The third group is made up of Thomas, James, and Phillip w ho all appear shocked.The fourth group consists of Matthew, Jude, and Simon who seem to be discussing the matter. The Last Supper uses perspective for a three-dimensional effect. Leonardo used one point perspective. This perspective involves all parallel lines converging in one place called the vanishing point. This method makes the picture proportional and places emphasis on the object at the vanishing point(Rival 2). Jesus' face is at the center of the vanishing point representing his importance. Additionally, the painting uses balance, grouping the apostles in four equal groups of three with Jesus in the middle.There were also three windows. Three represents the holy trinity (â€Å"Leonardo Ad Vine's Life†). Leonardo representation of The Last Supper differed from earlier portrayals of the meal in a number of ways. Earlier depictions did not include Judas in the group. He was always off to the side. In Leonardo version, he is including in the group, but placed in a shadow. Earlier paintings also put halos around the apostles heads, but Leonardo chose to make it more realistic and left the halos off.Finally, the perspective of Leonardo version improved on the odd looking perspectives used in earlier paintings such as the painting by Disco in which it looks as if the table is on its side. Leonardo The Last Supper is a good example of a Renaissance piece of art because it shows many Renaissance values like portrayal of religious subjects and the use of a realistic style and perspective. The painting is three-dimensional and the figures show realistic emotions. All the subtle secrets you can see in the painting are very fascinating. The Renaissance has been one of the most interesting and smartest times in mankind.

Contingency - The Relationship Between Behavior and Reinforcement

Contingency - The Relationship Between Behavior and Reinforcement Definition: Contingency is the relationship between two events, one being contingent or a consequence of the other event. Behaviorism (ABA) sees all behavior as a response to an antecedent and driven by the consequences. All behaviors have a consequence, even if that relationship is not very clear either to the observer or the student who may be the focus of an intervention, either behavioral or instructional. The goal of an Applied Behavior Analysis intervention is to change behavior. It may be to increase the desired behavior, to replace a problematic behavior or to extinguish a dangerous or difficult behavior. In order to increase the desired behavior, the student needs to know that receiving reinforcement is directly related to the behavior, or contingent on the behavior. This relationship of contingency is incredibly important to the success of an Applied Behavior Analysis program. The success of establishing contingency requires quick reinforcement, clear communication, and consistency. Students who dont receive immediate reinforcement, or are not clear about the relationship of contingency, will not be as successful as those children who clearly understand the relationship or contingency. Examples: It took a while for the team at Jonathons school to help him understand the contingency between his behavior and receiving reinforcement, so they repeated a simple imitation program with direct, one to one reinforcement until he would comply regularly.

History of Accounting From Ancient Times to Today

History of Accounting From Ancient Times to Today Accounting is a system of recording and summarizing business and financial transactions. For as long as civilizations have been engaging in trade or organized systems of government, methods of record keeping, accounting, and accounting tools have been in use. Some of the earliest known writings discovered by archaeologists are accounts of ancient tax records on clay tablets from Egypt and Mesopotamia dating back as early as 3300 to 2000 BCE. Historians hypothesize that the primary reason for the development of writing systems came out of a need to record trade and business transactions. Accounting Revolution When medieval Europe moved toward a monetary economy in the 13th century, merchants depended on bookkeeping to oversee multiple simultaneous transactions financed by  bank loans.   In 1458 Benedetto Cotrugli invented the double-entry accounting system, which revolutionized accounting. Double-entry accounting is defined as any bookkeeping system that involves a  debit and/or credit  entry for transactions. Italian mathematician and Franciscan monk Luca Bartolomes Pacioli, who invented a system of record keeping that used a memorandum, journal, and ledger, wrote many books on accounting. Father of Accounting Born in 1445 in Tuscany, Pacioli is known today as the father of accounting and bookkeeping. He wrote Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita (The Collected Knowledge of Arithmetic, Geometry, Proportion, and Proportionality) in 1494, which included a 27-page treatise on bookkeeping. His book was one of the first published using the historical  Gutenberg press, and the included treatise was the first known published work on the topic of double-entry bookkeeping. One chapter of his book, Particularis de Computis et Scripturis (Details of Calculation and Recording), on the topic of record keeping and double-entry accounting, became the reference text and teaching tool on those subjects for the next several hundred years. The chapter  educated readers about the use of journals and ledgers; accounting for assets, receivables, inventories, liabilities, capital, income and expenses; and keeping a balance sheet and an income statement.   After Luca Pacioli wrote his book, he was invited to teach  mathematics  at the Court of Duke Lodovico Maria Sforza in Milan. Artist and inventor  Leonardo da Vinci  were one of Paciolis students. Pacioli and da Vinci became close friends. Da Vinci illustrated Paciolis manuscript  De Divina Proportione (Of Divine Proportion), and Pacioli taught da Vinci the mathematics of perspective and proportionality. Chartered Accountants The first professional organizations for accountants were established in Scotland in 1854, starting with the Edinburgh Society of Accountants and the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries. The organizations were each granted a royal charter. Members of such organizations could call themselves chartered accountants. As companies proliferated, the demand for reliable accountancy shot up, and the profession rapidly became an integral part of the business and financial system. Organizations for chartered accountants now have been formed all over the world. In the U.S., the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants was established in 1887.

Characteristics of Successful Entrepeneurs Essay

Characteristics of Successful Entrepeneurs - Essay Example Significance of the Research When it comes to business, what makes one successful entrepreneurship is undoubtedly one of the most significant topics because successful entrepreneur finds business opportunity, seizes it and creates a market of his own by beating the competitors and achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Studying and exploring in to the essential characteristics of an entrepreneur would be helpful to understand what makes an entrepreneur and how he brings success to enterprises. As Volery, Doss and Mazzarol (p. 1) noted, entrepreneurship remains to be a driving force in the modern economy more than ever. It’s because, entrepreneurs meet the economic needs through the creation of thousands of business every years. Many businesses in recent days started ‘downsizing’ or ‘outsourcing’ processes, but entrepreneurs are those who create new ventures and new jobs that help strengthen the economy as a whole. Entrepreneur has played pivotal roles in today’s business developments, technological advances and all the radical changes that brought renaissance in business environments. People all over the world are able to meet their varying requirements and specific individual needs only because entrepreneurs in different parts of the world, no matter how smaller or larger they are, have found opportunities, thought creatively, innovated and established an enterprise to provide something valuable to the people. Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs Many researchers have obviously agreed with the very fundamental view of entrepreneurship as described by the father of entrepreneurship, Joseph A Schumpeter. According to him, entrepreneurship is innovation (Carsrud and Brannback , p. 7). Entrepreneur is one who perceives or finds an opportunity to be seized and then to create a new product or service or changes an existing one in order to create new marketable contribution to the economy (McDaniel, p. 57). An entr epreneur is not only an opportunity finder, but be a good manager with basic managerial skills like direction, coordination, supervision, decision making, risk bearing, control and problem solving etc (Brockhaus, p. 1). An entrepreneur doesn’t need to be a manager or not to function as a manager, but he must be skilled in managerial qualities and functional areas like those mentioned above. A basic difference that most literatures have described is that a manager is not always the owner of the enterprise and therefore he is relatively less responsible where as the entrepreneur is the owner of the business and more responsible too. The most essential and basic characteristics of entrepreneur are detailed below: Entrepreneur as an Innovator Innovation is one of the fundamental qualities of an entrepreneur. As Drucker (p. 17) noted, innovation is very specific tool that an entrepreneur is essentially required to have and with this he can find chances and make them opportunities for various business purposes. Finding opportunities for some thing new and bringing a vision in to reality through innovation is thus critical element to the success of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneur needs to be innovator for major innovations, start up of business, developing new products or services for a presently